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# sigma.yelpix.net

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://sigmanutrition.com/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [Seed Oils on Trial: Is the Panic Justified?](https://sigmanutrition.com/seedoils/): “Seed oils” – rich in the omega-6 fat linoleic acid (LA) – have been accused of promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic disease. Internet anecdotes blame seed oils for everything from heart disease to diabetes, fueling a pseudoscientific backlash against soybean, corn, sunflower, and similar oils. In reality, these claims do not hold up under scientific scrutiny.
- [How Much Nitrate to Eat (and Why)! – Video](https://sigmanutrition.com/how-much-nitrate-to-eat/): How does nitric oxide impact health, including blood pressure? How does this relate to nitrates and nitrites? What does this mean for our dietary choices? Here, I've tried to cover these questions, as well as looking at the Veg-Nitrate Table, developed by Lidder & Webb,and then thinking though potential target intakes of dietary nitrate.
- [Does Omega-6 PUFA Cause Inflammation & Heart Disease?](https://sigmanutrition.com/omega6-inflammation/): A common claim is that high intakes of omega-6 PUFA leads to inflammation, and subsequently heart disease. But is this correct?
- [Reviewing Dave Feldman’s “Lipid Triad Model” & Claims [Updated]](https://sigmanutrition.com/lipid-triad-updated/): From: Ference et al., J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Apr 21;65(15):1552-61
- [A Plant Based Diet Reverses Heart Disease: True or False?](https://sigmanutrition.com/plant-based-diet-reverses-heart-disease/): It is often claimed that a plant based diet reverses heart disease. And three specific studies are commonly cited to support this. This article breaks those studies down to see if they really support the claim that a plant based way of eating will reduce heart disease risk.
- [Chrononutrition: Why Meal Timing, Calorie Distribution & Feeding Windows Really Do Matter](https://sigmanutrition.com/chrononutrition-sbs/): A sizable amount of research is mounting to suggest that there are very real and important implications for when we eat. In this article, we will explore the intersection of circadian biology and diet (termed “chrononutrition”) and offer some heuristics and guidance for practical application
- [Wires Crossed and Intellectually Lost: Are You Really Science Based? (Part 3)](https://sigmanutrition.com/science-part-3/): By Ciaran O’Regan
- [UEBC 19 Lecture: Circadian Eating](https://sigmanutrition.com/circadian-lecture/): At the Ultimate Evidence-based Conference (UEBC) in Melbourne, Australia, I presented on the topic of circadian biology and chrononutrition. The amazing hosts, Jacob & Sam, kindly agreed to my request to make the lecture available for free, which I'm grateful for.
- [The Axiom of the Infinite Unknown: Uncertainty as the Only Certainty (Are You Really Science Based? – Part 2)](https://sigmanutrition.com/science-part-two/): NB: The aim of this article is to illustrate WHY one should paradoxically maintain “uncertainty as ones only certainty” as a Scientific Thinker. You can read Part 1 of this series: “Uncertainty” in order to acquire the some foundational understanding of the topic that will provide a solid foundation for this article below.
- [What Is Science? (Article Version)](https://sigmanutrition.com/what-is-science-article/): This article is a transcription of a Sigma Nutrition Radio podcast episode (this one) that was extremely popular. The episode centered around an attempt to answer the question "what is science?", or in other words, an attempt to get people to understand and appreciate what it really means to be a scientific thinker. I want to say thank you to the people I got to chat to who I've been able to put some of the thoughts across in this episode, Brad Dieter, Mike T. Nelson, Andy Galpin, Ciaran O' Regan, Trent Stellingwerff, John Kiely, thank you, and thank you to everyone else who has shaped my own views in thinking about this question who I've talked to and who have not been mentioned on this episode but in private correspondence and discussions and just how they have shaped my views and thinking around this and have allowed me to think through some of these ideas.
- [Are You Really Science-Based? – Part One: Uncertainty](https://sigmanutrition.com/science-part-one/): There are many ways individuals classify themselves based on their views. Often people attach an identity to their views. Maybe they claim to be a "clean eater". Or a "flexible dieter". Or maybe it's as simple as "keto" or "vegan". Regardless, these classifications are used to tell us the person holds a certain set of views/beliefs. But how attached to them they are may indicate something more important... what type of thinker they are.
- [July 2018 – Podcast Round-up Post](https://sigmanutrition.com/july18/): Welcome to the Podcast Re-cap post for the month of July 2018. This will be a breakdown of some key points that our re-cap author, Ella Whitcomb, took from the episode.
- [June 2018 – Podcast Round-Up](https://sigmanutrition.com/june18/): Welcome to the Podcast Re-cap post for the month of June 2018. This will be a breakdown of some key points that our re-cap author, Ella Whitcomb, took from the episode.
- [May 2018 – Podcast Recap](https://sigmanutrition.com/may18/): Welcome to the first edition to a new feature here at Sigma Nutrition that I think will be tremendously useful to all of you who listen to the podcast...
- [The Scale Paradox: A Comprehensive Guide on Using Bodyweight Data](https://sigmanutrition.com/scale-paradox/): This is a guest post by Kevin Garde. For more info about Kevin, see the section below this article.
- [Protein: Common Questions Answered](https://sigmanutrition.com/protein-faq/): Dr. Arthur Lynch has a PhD in muscle physiology from the University of Limerick, Ireland, where he is currently a lecturer in the Sports Science departement. He has aslso represented Ireland at multiple IPF powerlifting world championships.
- [Prebiotics & Probiotics Can Impact Weight and Fat Mass?: New Meta-Analysis Published](https://sigmanutrition.com/microbiome-meta-analysis/): A new meta-analysis published out of Johns Hopkins University has given more credence to the practice of attempting to positively alter the gut microbiome by consuming prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics.
- [Carbohydrate Periodization: Fuel For The Work Required](https://sigmanutrition.com/carbohydrate-periodization/): This is a guest post by Mark Germaine. Mark is currently completing his MSc in Sport Nutrition at Liverpool John Moores University, where he is also working as a Performance Nutritionist with various weight-making athletes. He has an undergraduate degree in Sport Science and Health, and has presented his thesis at the Faculty of Sport & Exercise Medicine Conference.
- [Should You Restrict Caffeine Before Competition To Resensitize To It?](https://sigmanutrition.com/caffeine-restriction/): I recently received an email from someone who had purchased the Sigma Weight Cutting System for MMA & Boxing, asking why I had advised athletes stop caffeine consumption in the final 7-10 days before competition.
- [A Better Paradigm for Health Professionals: The Biopsychosocial Renaissance](https://sigmanutrition.com/biopsychosocial/): This is a guest post by Aidan Mackey. Aidan is a coach, nutritionist and Strength & Conditioning student. You can find him at aidanmackeyhealth.com
- [Examining 8 Claims Made About Foam Rolling, Myofascial Release & the “Back Baller”](https://sigmanutrition.com/back-baller/): As scientists, it is in our nature to question claims made by others and demand evidence to support such statements. It is only by questioning and engaging in meaningful conversation that we progress our understanding of the world around us and as humans. If people did not question we would still all live in fear of travelling too close to the edge of our flat earth, or would continue to poison ourselves with mercury trying to cure syphilis and typhoid.
- [How to Build a Career in Nutrition Coaching](https://sigmanutrition.com/nutritioncareer/): For some reason enough people have seemingly deemed me to be "successful" enough to ask me for advice about starting a career in nutrition, usually via some version of one of the following questions:
- [Could Creatine Be an Effective Treatment for Age-Related Loss of Muscle?](https://sigmanutrition.com/creatine-sarcopenia/): This is a guest post by Lee Bell. Lee has a MSc in exercise physiology and is a consultant lecturer, speaker and content writer. He is a published academic and professional writer and has delivered talks at a number of conferences including the COPA Growth medical conference in London. He is also involved in primary sport science research with other sport scientists across a number of institutions and is currently looking into neck health strategies in Rugby. He has lectured in sport science for a number of years and has also delivered training to hundreds of personal trainers and coaches as master trainer for a number of global equipment suppliers as well as fitness education providers. You can find more of his writing on his site The Muscle Mechanic UK.
- [Is Manual Therapy Just a Waste of Time?](https://sigmanutrition.com/manual-therapy/): This is a guest post by Dr. Paul McCarroll, clinical lead at PMC Performance. Paul has graduated with degrees in both medicine and physiotherapy, is currently working as a Junior Doctor and is a fully qualified physiotherapist. Paul takes an evidence-based approach to injury and pain management. He works with a wide range of high-level athletes in international athletics, rugby, cricket and powerlifting. Paul himself is an AIL rugby player with the famous Garryowen RFC in Limerick, Ireland. 
- [VIDEO: Smart Carbs for Exercise Performance](https://sigmanutrition.com/smart-carbs-exercise-performance/): I was recently interviewed on High Intensity Health by Mike Mutzel on the topic of fuelling sport performance. You can watch it here:
- [The 3 Principles of Strength & Conditioning for Combat Sports](https://sigmanutrition.com/the-3-principles-of-strength-conditioning-for-combat-sports/): Share this post on Facebook
- [Sparring Methodologies: To Spar, or Not To Spar, That is the Question (Part 2)](https://sigmanutrition.com/sparring-methodologies-to-spar-part-2/): I wasn't fucking around when I chose the title of this series; "to spar or not to spar, that is the question".
- [To Spar, or Not To Spar, That is the Question – Part 1: Intro to Sparring & Brain Trauma](https://sigmanutrition.com/to-spar-or-not-to-spar-that-is-the-question-part-1-intro-to-sparring-brain-trauma/): I think I have a not-so-common lens through which to view martial arts training practices. Academically, I have a degree in sport and exercise sciences. Athletically, I started boxing just over 6 years ago, quite late in boxing terms, as a 21 year old. I have been lucky enough to have spent time training in gyms from Holland to San Francisco, Ireland to Boston and so on. This has primarily been practising boxing but more recently it has involved dipping my toes into the MMA world.
- [Creatine: Common Questions Answered](https://sigmanutrition.com/creatine-faq/): In November 2015, Sigma Nutrition founder Danny Lennon published this outstanding article. The motivation for this piece stemmed from a ridiculous opinion piece written by Irish rugby journalist Neil Francis, essentially implicating creatine as a potential player in the tragic and premature death of All Blacks legend Jonah Lomu. Danny’s rebuttal was spot on and made me incredibly proud to be associated with him. In addition, the number of shares the article received at the time put a beaming smile on my face and gave me a glimmer of hope as to the level of intelligence of the human race.
- [Tips on How To Be an Awesome Coaching Client](https://sigmanutrition.com/how-to-be-an-awesome-coaching-client/): This is an often overlooked topic. Whilst the option of online coaching carries many positives (e.g. selecting a coach you feel "suits" you, rather than being stuck with whoever lives in your hometown), it also has disadvantages over in-person coaching. It can be harder for the coach to get an accurate read of you (body language, in-person conversations, etc.) and so effective communication and honesty is even more important.
- [Never Waste An Injury: The Psychology of Setbacks in Combat Sports](https://sigmanutrition.com/never-waste-an-injury/): LET US IMAGINE A SCENARIO…
- [Are Quarter Squats Actually a Better Option For Athletes?](https://sigmanutrition.com/quarter-squats/): This is a post by Arthur Lynch. Arthur is a PhD researcher in muscle physiology, an international-level raw powerlifter and coach here at Sigma Nutrition.
- [The Pros and Cons of Aggressive Dieting [Calories Deficits #3]](https://sigmanutrition.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-aggressive-dieting/): This is part 3 of a series of articles on caloric deficits. Make sure to read parts 1 & 2:
- [Is Slow & Steady Actually the Best Way to Diet? (Calorie Deficits #2)](https://sigmanutrition.com/is-slow-and-steady-actually-the-best-way-to-diet-calorie-deficits-2/): “Many people advise to lose weight at a steady and moderate rate, and recommend not cutting calories too low, in order to preserve muscle mass”.
- [Calorie Deficits #1: Understanding the Nuances of Energy Balance](https://sigmanutrition.com/calorie-deficits-1/): Recently I received the following question from podcast listener Noah: “what is the best way to lose massive amounts of fat as fast as possible, without compromising gainz?”
- [Researchers Point to the Optimal Protein Dose, Timing & Distribution to Maximize Muscle](https://sigmanutrition.com/researchers-point-to-the-optimal-protein-dose-timing-distribution-to-maximize-muscle/): I have collated all the thoughts of the various protein metabolism researchers to have been on the podcast, into one post on the topic of muscle protein synthesis, protein intake and muscle mass and function.
- [An Open Letter To Neil Francis & The Irish Independent: Science, Scaremongering & Creatine](https://sigmanutrition.com/an-open-letter-to-neil-francis-the-irish-independent-science-scaremongering-creatine/): Share this article on Facebook
- [Drawing A Line In The Evidence-Based Sand](https://sigmanutrition.com/drawing-a-line-in-the-evidence-based-sand/): There is a definite growth in the number of people in the health & fitness space talking about taking an 'evidence-based' approach to nutrition, training and health.
- [Food Quality, IIFYM and Strawmen: Do Food Choices Even Matter?](https://sigmanutrition.com/food-quality-iifym-and-strawmen-do-food-choices-even-matter/): It's Friday night and you're just settling into relaxation mode for the weekend after a tough week at work.
- [Are You Sure You Want That Meal Plan?](https://sigmanutrition.com/are-you-sure-you-want-that-meal-plan/): In the world of fitness and nutrition, meals plans are common place.
- [Is There a Benefit to NOT Being Gluten-free?](https://sigmanutrition.com/is-there-a-benefit-to-not-being-gluten-free/): With this post I'm going to finish up talking about gluten for a while ("about time!" I hear you say).
- [Is Gluten a Straw or Dagger? – Dose-Response, Lifestyle & Epigenetics](https://sigmanutrition.com/is-gluten-a-straw-or-dagger-dose-response-lifestyle-epigenetics/): As I've mentioned previously (here), unfortunately when it comes to gluten the rate of dogmatic fantasy tales you can read online vastly out-weighs the evidence.
- [Why Did I Feel Better After Giving Up Wheat?](https://sigmanutrition.com/why-did-i-feel-better-after-giving-up-wheat-then/): In my previous post, 'Gluten Revisited: Can I Eat That Sandwich?', I attempted to give an overview of what we can currently conclude from scientific literature on non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).
- [Gluten Revisited: Can I Eat That Sandwich?](https://sigmanutrition.com/gluten-revisited-can-i-eat-that-sandwich/): Unfortunately, the rate of dogmatic fantasy tales you can read online vastly out-weighs the evidence. And it makes things a nightmare for most people to navigate through. Some of these stories can be very convincing. I have even been guilty of giving some of them too much credence in years gone by. And when it comes to the impact of gluten on human health, things are no different. There are so many questions that regularly are asked about gluten. Questions like: Is gluten bad or not?
Is it ok to have a little bit?
Who is sensitive to it and who's not?
Why are gluten-containing foods so crazily delicious?
- [How Do You Avoid Overeating (Without Counting Calories)?](https://sigmanutrition.com/how-do-you-avoid-overeating-without-counting-calories/): When we overeat calories chronically, weight gain results. This is indisputable.
- [What’s the ROI of Your Nutrition Choices?](https://sigmanutrition.com/whats-the-roi-of-your-nutrition-choices/): It was about half past 9 on a dark, cold week-night back in January 2009.
- [Is Your Low-Carb, My Low-Carb?](https://sigmanutrition.com/is-your-low-carb-my-low-carb/): In Monday's post on 'Just How Effective is Low-Carb Dieting?' I asked the question: what do we mean by "effective"?
- [Just How Effective is Low-Carb Dieting?](https://sigmanutrition.com/just-how-effective-is-low-carb-dieting/): In a past post, "Eat More Fat, Burn More Fat: Myth, Magic or Metabolic Advantage?",  I talked about why carbohydrates do not cause you to gain fat, unless there is caloric surplus. Similarly, a diet that is low-carb but too high in calories will also lead to weight gain. So it is a calorie issue for sure.
- [Re-feeds & Macro Cycling: Is Non-linear Dieting Necessary?](https://sigmanutrition.com/refeeds-macro-cycling-non-linear-dieting/): Refeeds, cycling carbs and spiking calories are all part of today's sexiest protocols. And why not? I mean, they sound pretty cool, don't they?
- [The Ridiculously Simple Guide to Sustainable Fat Loss](https://sigmanutrition.com/the-ridiculously-simple-guide-to-sustainable-results/): Throw your eyes back to that title. It’s important and I want to clarify why.
- [Is the Most Nutritious Diet, the Healthiest Diet?](https://sigmanutrition.com/is-the-most-nutritious-diet-the-healthiest-diet/): You know, I've been thinking an awful lot lately about the difference between the terms "most nutritious" and "most healthy". When it comes to diet, are these simply synonyms or are they in fact completely different?
- [Eat More Fat, Burn More Fat: Myth, Magic or Metabolic Advantage?](https://sigmanutrition.com/eat-more-fat-burn-more-fat-myth-magic-or-metabolic-advantage/): Enjoy this article? Click here to share on Facebook
- [Should I Be Tracking Calories?](https://sigmanutrition.com/should-i-be-tracking-calories/): Tracking our food intake is now incredibly simple thanks to food tracking apps that are freely available and simple to use. Such apps provide a breakdown of calorie and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) for the meals you eat.
- [The Unhealthy Way to Eat Healthy: 5 Life Lessons Learned](https://sigmanutrition.com/unhealthy-way-to-eat-healthy-5-life-lessons/): For quite some time I was the most unhealthy “healthy eater” there is.
- [The High-Fat Diet Trap: How Much is Too Much?](https://sigmanutrition.com/the-high-fat-diet-trap-how-much-is-too-much/): We all used to think fat was evil.
- [Carb Dogma is for Hipsters](https://sigmanutrition.com/carb-dogma-is-for-hipsters/): In what seems to be an increasingly common occurrence, I am seeing popular nutrition trends emerging, following something I can only describe as the “hipster pattern”.
- [The Triangle of Focus](https://sigmanutrition.com/the-triangle-of-focus/): What's the perfect diet?
- [Making the Cut, Part IV: How to Cut Weight for a Fight (Properly!)](https://sigmanutrition.com/making-cut-part-iv-weight-cutting/): How to cut weight for a fight? If you're wondering what a fighter's diet plan for cutting weight for MMA or boxing might look like, read here
- [Making the Cut, Part III: Supplements for Combat Sport Fighters](https://sigmanutrition.com/making-cut-part-iii-supplementation-combat-sports/): Buy the book: Making Weight - The Ultimate Science-based Guide to Cutting Weight for Combat Sports
- [Making the Cut, Part II: How fighters should eat for fat loss (without destroying training performance and health)](https://sigmanutrition.com/making-cut-part-ii-fighters-eat-fat-loss-performance/): Buy the book: Making Weight - The Ultimate Science-based Guide to Cutting Weight for Combat Sports
- [Making the Cut, Part I: The Fundamentals of Combat Sport Nutrition](https://sigmanutrition.com/making-the-cut-part-i-mma-nutrition/): Buy the book: Making Weight - The Ultimate Science-based Guide to Cutting Weight for Combat Sports
- [Why Good Nutrition & Training Won’t Make You Healthy](https://sigmanutrition.com/good-nutrition-and-training-wont-make-you-healthy/): Health.
- [Everything is a Trade-Off: The Art of Decision Making in Health & Fitness](https://sigmanutrition.com/everything-is-a-trade-off/): You get back from doing some grocery shopping and your car is full of bags containing your food shop for the week. You get out, open the boot ("pop the trunk" for my North American friends), stare in at the collection of grocery bags, and face that dilemma we have all faced...

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## Podcasts
- [#616: More Testing, Better Health? Harms of Overdiagnosis & Overtreatment – Austin Baraki, MD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode616/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#615: Why Processing Doesn’t Determine the Healthfulness of Plant-Based Diets – Alysha Thompson, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode615/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [SNP52: Habit Formation & GLP-1 Use – Charles Duhigg](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp52/): This is a Premium-exclusive episode. Premium members can listen via the Premium feed. 
- [#614: The Human Skills of Nutrition Coaching – Krista Scott-Dixon, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode614/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#613: Supplement Safety & Medication Interactions – Giulia Guerrini, MPharm](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode613/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#612: Does Sweet Taste Exposure Actually Develop Preference? – Prof. Katherine Appleton](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode612/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#611: Electrolyte Mythology: Wellness Marketing vs. Evidence – Zoë Rom & Kylee Van Horn](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode611/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [SNP51: Understanding Blood Glucose Reponses](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp51/): This is a Premium-exclusive episode. Go to the Premium feed to listen. Or subscribe to Premium.
- [#610: Rock, Paper, Salmon – Errors in Interpreting Food Substitution Models](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode610/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#609: Unprocessed Red Meat & Cancer Risk](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode609/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#608: Performance Nutrition in Elite Rugby – James Morehen, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode608/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#607: Gut Health & Microbiome Testing: What Evidence Do We Actually Have? – Emily Leeming, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode607/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [SNP50: PMOS (PCOS) and Diet: What Can Nutrition Realistically Do?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp50/): This is a Premium-exclusive episode. Go to the Premium feed to listen. Or subscribe to Premium.
- [#606: Practical Nutrition Strategies for Fat Loss – Luke Hanna](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode606/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#605: Fasting, Nutrient Timing & CGMs: Interpreting the Evidence – Prof. James Betts](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode605/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#604: How To Interpret Nutrition Research – David Allison, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode604/): Find us on all podcast platforms/apps
- [#603: Should Dietary Fiber Be Considered Essential? – Andrew Reynolds, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode603/): Dietary fiber is widely recognized as an important component of a healthy diet, yet it is not typically classified as an essential nutrient. In this episode, Dr. Andrew Reynolds explores whether that distinction still holds, arguing that the traditional criteria used to define essentiality may be outdated when applied to modern nutrition science.
- [602: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) – Megan Hellner, DrPH, RD & Katherine Hill, MD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode602/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#601: Gallstones & Gallbladder Conditions: Impact of Diet – Angela Madden, PhD RD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode601/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Coevolution With Foods? Multivitamins? Eating Too Early? – Ask Me Anything (SNP49)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp49/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#600: Finite Knowledge, Infinite Ignorance](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode600/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#599: Does Unprocessed Red Meat Increase Diabetes Risk? – Gil Carvalho, PhD MD & Mario Kratz, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode599/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#598: How Do Exercise & Diet Interact to Improve Glycaemic Control? – Jenna Gillen, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode598/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#597: Behavioral Psychology in Diet & Health Counselling – David Creel, PhD, RD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode597/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#596: Why Do Omega-3 Trials Show Mixed Results?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode596/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#595: Neuroplasticity and Reducing Risk of Cognitive Impairment – Dr. Majid Fotuhi](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode595/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [How Much Dietary Fiber Do We Need to be Healthy? (SNP48)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp48/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#594: Can Muscle Still Adapt Positively When Training Under Low Energy Availability? – Jose Areta, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode594/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#593: Can We Define Hyper-Palatable Foods? And Is Processing Actually the Problem? – Tera Fazzino, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode593/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#592: How Much Protein is Actually Healthy? – Eric Helms, PhD & Matt Nagra, ND](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode592/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#591: Maintaining Functional Capacity with Age – Brendan Egan, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode591/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#590: Is the Nutrient Density of Crops Declining? – Edward Joy, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode590/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Does Processing Really Make Food Unhealthy? (SNP47)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp47/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#589: Causal Inference in Nutrition Science – Daniel Ibsen, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode589/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#588: Menstrual Cycle “Syncing”: Do the Claims Hold Up to Evidence? – Expert Panel](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode588/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#587: How Should Nutrition Be Taught in Medical Training? – Akash Patel](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode587/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#586: The Manufactured Collapse of Expertise](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode586/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP46: Reviewing Six Key Insights from the Year’s Conversations](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp46/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#585: Why We Think Poorly: Reason, Emotion, and Evidence-Based Reasoning](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode585/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#584: EAT-Lancet: Does the Planetary Health Diet Improve Human Health?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode584/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#583: Ultra-Processed Foods & Fixing the Food Environment – Kevin Hall, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode583/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP45: Antioxidants – What You Need To Know](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp45/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#582: GLP-1 Agonists: Side Effects, Management and Diet – Dr. Spencer Nadolsky](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode582/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#581: What Is Successful Public Nutrition Policy? And Why Is It So Hard to Achieve? – Emily Callahan, RD, MPH](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode581/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#580: Sodium Bicarbonate for Sports Performance – Prof. Lewis Gough](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode580/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#579: Is Your Chronotype Hard-Wired or Modifiable? And What Does It Mean for Health?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode579/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#578: Creatine For Brain Health: Overhyped Trend or Science-based Intervention? – Prof. Eric Rawson](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode578/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Is There a Limit to Energy Expenditure? And What Happens When We Push It? (SNP44)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp44/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#577: Ultra-processed vs. Minimally Processed Diets: UPDATE Trial – Samuel Dicken, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode577/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#576: The Social Psychology of Health Beliefs and Misinformation – Matthew Facciani, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode576/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#575: How Does Dairy Impact Cardiometabolic Health? – Prof. Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode575/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#574: Microplastics & Health: What Do We Know? – Prof. Ian Mudway](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode574/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP43: The Brain’s Role in Energy Intake & Eating Behaviour](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp43/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#573: A Philosophy of Elite Performance Nutrition – Daniel Davey](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode573/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#572: Can You Trust Industry-Funded Nutrition Studies? Here’s How to Tell](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode572/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#571: Is Zone 2 Training Actually Best for Health? – Prof. Brendon Gurd](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode571/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#570: Fructose: Metabolism, Claims & Context for Risk – Scott Harding, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode570/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#569: The History of Fat, Cholesterol & Heart Disease](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode569/): The idea that saturated fat might be harmful to our health has sparked controversy for decades. In recent years, counter-narratives have surged: suggesting that concerns over saturated fat were overblown, that LDL cholesterol doesn’t matter, or that the original diet-heart hypothesis has been debunked. These claims have become especially popular in online wellness spaces and certain dietary communities, often wrapped in compelling but misleading rhetoric.
- [#568: Does the Maternal Diet Impact Risk of ADHD & Autism? – David Horner, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode568/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#567: Did Big Sugar Hijack the Food Pyramid? Were Low-fat Diets a Scam that Damaged Our Health?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode567/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP41: Do Certain Foods Really Cause Inflammation – And Are Anti-Inflammatory Diets the Answer?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp41/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP42: Is Vitamin A Good or Bad for Bone Health?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp42/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#566: Can We Maintain Weight Loss? Pharmacology and Behavior – Tara Schmidt, RD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode566/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#565: How Zinc Insufficiency Impacts Inflammation, Immunity & Aging – Prof. Emily Ho](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode565/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#564: Is Protein’s Appetite-Suppressing Power Overstated?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode564/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP3: What are Biobanks?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/biobanks/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#563: The Financialization of the Food System – Prof. Martin Caraher](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode563/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP38: What is Quality Sleep?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp38/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [SNP40: Do Seed Oils Cause Inflammation & Chronic Disease?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp40/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#562: How to Detoxify Yourself – Quack Asylum Special](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode562/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#561: Emulsifiers in the Modern Diet: Health Risk or Harmless Additive?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode561/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#560: Neurodiversity & Nutrition: Choline, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Beyond – Emma Derbyshire, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode560/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Subscriber Questions: Why Monounsaturated Fats? Diet & Connective Tissue? Do Lipids Increase During Weight Loss? (SNP39)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp39/): This episode is one of our Premium-exclusive AMA (ask me anything) episodes, where we answer questions submitted by Premium subscribers. To listen to the full episode, you’ll need to be a Premium subscriber and access the episode on the private Premium feed. Otherwise, you can hear a preview of the episode on the public feed of the podcast.
- [#559: Skin Health & Nutrition – Thivi Maruthappu, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode559/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#558: Rethinking Ultra-Processed Foods in the Modern Food System – Duane Mellor, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode558/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#557: Health Psychology & Eating Behaviour – Prof. Jane Ogden](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode557/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#556: Can We Restore the Gut Microbiome Through Dietary Changes? – Anissa Armet, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode556/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#555: What Should the Dietary Guidelines Say? – Prof. Christopher Gardner](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode555/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#554: Crucial Ideas for Understanding Nutrition Science](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode554/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#553: Healthy Habits for Fertility and Reproductive Health – Marjorie Nolan Cohn, RD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode553/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#552: Diet & Sleep Interactions – Marie-Pierre St. Onge, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode552/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Multivitamin Nihilism: Is it Actually Worthless to Supplement? (SNP37)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp37/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#551: How to Shift from Short-term Dieting to Sustainable Lifestyle Changes – Laurin Conlin](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode551/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#550: Eating Disorder Risk in Sport, Wellness & Fitness – Jillian Lampert, PhD, RD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode550/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#549: Are We Doomed? Trust, Misinformation, and the Future of Health & Fitness Science – Joe Klemczewski, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode549/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [IGF-1 and Diet: Cause For Concern? (SNP36)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp36/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#548: Disordered Eating and Body Image in the Fitness Industry – Michelle Carroll](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode548/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#547: Healthspan, Healthy Ageing & Chronic Disease – Best of 2024](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode547/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#546: Professional Standards & Scope of Practice for Nutrition Professionals  – Alex Thomas](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode546/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#545: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Performance & Metabolic Health – Prof. Javier Gonzalez](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode545/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Appetite and Satiety: Key Concepts and Practical Insights (SNP35)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp35/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#544: Genetic Variants and Response to Nutrients – Martin Kohlmeier, MD PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode544/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#543: Eye Health & Nutrition – Prof. John Nolan](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode543/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#542: Nutrients for Cognitive Performance in Sports – Prof. Shawn Arent, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode542/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#541: Lean Mass Hyper Responders & the Lipid Energy Model: Do the Claims Stand Up to Scrutiny?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode541/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [Fasting for Health: What Do We Know? (SNP34)](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/snp34/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#540: How Can We Improve Body Image and Self-Esteem Without Physique Change? – Gabrielle Fundaro, PhD & Eric Trexler, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode540/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#539: How Does Carbohydrate Availability Impact Resistance Training? – Cliff Harvey, PhD & Eric Helms, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode539/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#538: Can Fish Oil Supplementation Increase Risk of Irregular Heart Rhythms?](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode538/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.
- [#537: Appetite Regulation, Metabolic Compensation and More – Stephan Guyenet, PhD](https://sigmanutrition.com/podcast/episode537/): Click or simply search “Sigma Nutrition” on your podcast platform of choice.

## Resources
- [Examine +](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/examine/): Examine+ is the best online database for looking at the evidence of diets, foods and supplements on a range of health outcomes. I use these tools regularly and it’s incredibly helpful.
- [MacroFactor Workouts](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/macrofactor-app-copy/): MacroFactor Workouts is the app I use to record my training, create my training programs, and track my workload. It is detailed, fast, easy-to-use and has a beautiful UI. It can be used alone or stacked with the MF nutrition app. Use the code sigma on sign-up.
- [Applied Nutrition Literacy](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/applied-nutrition-literacy/): This course, developed by Alan Flanagan and Danny Lennon, helps you to master the skills needed to confidently navigate the complex world of nutrition research. Learn how to identify robust studies and spot flawed methodologies, empowering you to make informed decisions in an age of information overload.
- [Body Image Fundamentals for Fitness Professionals](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/body-image-fundamentals-for-fitness-professionals/): Body Image Fundamentals for Fitness Professionals – A course from Shannon Beer comprising of evidence-based, easy to understand lectures broken down into 15-30 minute segments to improve your knowledge.
- [Binge Eating Essentials For Health Professionals](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/binge-eating-essentials-for-health-professionals/): Binge Eating Essentials For Health Professionals – Ranked the 15th most influential scientist on binge-eating disorder worldwide, and the founder of Break Binge Eating, Dr. Jake Linardon (PhD) provides health professionals with a cutting-edge, multi-modular course that will enable you to recognize, screen, and appropriately address binge eating problems in your clients.
- [Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/gropper-smith-carr/): Excellent metabolism textbook by Gropper, Smith & Carr. Provides a solid understanding of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as recommended intakes, deficiency, and toxicity.
- [Making Weight: The Ultimate Science Based Guide to Cutting Weight for Combat Sports](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/making-weight-the-ultimate-science-based-guide-to-cutting-weight-for-combat-sports/): Whether you’re a nutrition professional or combat sports athlete looking to optimize the weight cutting process, then this is the book for you. Making Weight is the definitive guide to cutting weight for combat sports. Authored by Jordan Sullivan (The Fight Dietitian) and Danny Lennon.
- [Nutritional Epidemiology](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/willett-nutri-epi/): Walter Willett's excellent textbook is for those who wish to understand the complex relationships between diet and risks of important diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
- [Muscle & Strength Pyramids](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/muscle-strength-pyramids/): Two books; one nutrition and one training. You can get either one, or both. Everyone in the fitness field should have a copy of these. The dietary guidance is aligned with both the 2020-2025 US Dietary Guidelines and the UK Eatwell Guide. In addition they have some excellent ‘Athlete’s Plate’ visuals.
- [Sigma Nutrition Radio](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/sigma-nutrition-radio/): Become more confident in your nutrition knowledge, whilst supporting ethical, non-sensationalist, and accurate content. As a Sigma Nutrition Premium subscriber you get exclusive access to:
- [MacroFactor App](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/macrofactor-app/): The MacroFactor App is simply the best app there is if you’re someone who likes tracking their diet. Unlike other apps, it doesn’t shame your food choices; Yep, there are no warnings, red numbers, or shaming when you go over your calorie or macro targets. Just try it for free, I guarentee it’s better than what you’ve used before. Use the code sigma to get a 14-day free trial of the app.
- [Alinea Nutrition Education Hub](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/alinea-nutrition-education-hub/): Alan Flanagan’s Alinea Nutrition Education Hub guides you through a deepdive into the methodology and interpretation of nutrition research, through lectures and research reviews.
- [MASS Research Review](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/mass-research-review/): MASS Research Review is a monthly publication that includes easy-to-read breakdowns of the latest training and nutrition research relevant to strength trainees, strength sport athletes and bodybuilders.
- [Examine Clinician Edition](https://sigmanutrition.com/resource/examine-clinician-edition-2/): Examine Clinician Edition adds extra tools for health professionals, including the Supplement Navtigator, where you can check safety, screen interactions with medications, and export evidence-based protocols.

## Statements
- [Is the Fitness Industry Harming Us?: Why Messaging Needs to Change](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/is-the-fitness-industry-harming-us-why-messaging-needs-to-change/): Health and fitness professionals have the potential to enhance public health and improve the wellbeing and quality of life of many individuals5. After all, adoption of regular physical activity and sufficient nutrient intake has significant benefits for both psychological and physical health6,7,8.
- [Seed Oils on Trial: Is the Panic Justified?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/seed-oils-on-trial-is-the-panic-justified/): “Seed oils” – rich in the omega-6 fat linoleic acid (LA) – have been accused of promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic disease. Internet anecdotes blame seed oils for everything from heart disease to diabetes, fueling a pseudoscientific backlash against soybean, corn, sunflower, and similar oils. In reality, these claims do not hold up under scientific scrutiny.
- [Traumatic Brain Injury & Dietary Interventions](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/traumatic-brain-injury-dietary-interventions/): A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden, external, physical incident causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, leading to harm1. It is a broad term that covers a variety of brain injuries; the most frequent symptoms include concussions, contusions, or both. The injury might affect multiple brain regions (diffuse) or just one (focal). A brain injury's severity can range from a moderate concussion; a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), to a severe injury that leaves the victim in a coma or even causing death.
- [The Harms of Undereating for Athletes: Low Energy Availability & RED-S](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/the-harms-of-undereating-for-athletes-low-energy-availability-red-s/): Athletes tend to have increased energy requirements due to the nature and amount of their training and competition. However, for a variety of reasons, athletes commonly under-consume calories. Over time, more and more has been understood about the potentially harmful effects (acutely and chronically) on both performance and health.
- [Can Fasting Increase Longevity?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/can-fasting-increase-longevity/): Life expectancy has continually increased with advances in healthcare and economic prosperity. However, many diseases have increased in prevlance, in part due to treatments that can now extend life for those with the disease. However, talk about delaying or "treating" ageing (or 'aging' in North America) should consider how we could shorten the time of morbidity, or increase the healthspan. To do this we need interventions that can delay the physiological change that results in disease and disability.
- [Vitamin D and COVID-19: What Do We Know?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/vitamin-d-and-covid-19-what-do-we-know/): But what can we conclude based on current evidence?
- [Can Gut Bacteria Impact Our Mood?: Examining the Gut-Brain Axis](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/can-gut-bacteria-impact-our-mood-examining-the-gut-brain-axis/): The intrinsic link between our nervous system and the gut
- [Low Cholesterol & Increased Mortality Risk?: Clarifying the Confusion](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/low-cholesterol-increased-mortality-risk-clarifying-the-confusion/): One of the most common angles of argument from Cholesterol Denialism is that low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases risk for mortality from other, non-cardiovascular diseases.
- [Which Micronutrients Do I Need? – Commonly Underconsumed Vitamins & Minerals](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/which-micronutrients-do-i-need-commonly-underconsumed-vitamins-minerals/): The French biological scientist and biochemist, Gabriel Bertrand, first published what became known as ‘Bertrand’s Rule’ in 1912. Bertrand’s Rule describes the bell-curve dose-response of biological activity for micronutrients and trace minerals. The rule states that if a micronutrient is required for a specific function, this function (effect) will be be low or absent in a deficiency state, and will increase as levels of the micronutrient's intake increase from deficiency levels.
- [How Does Meal Timing Impact My Blood Sugar?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/how-does-meal-timing-impact-my-blood-sugar/): Meal timing has been a popular, and at times controversial, topic of interest in nutrition.
- [Are Food Intolerance Tests Accurate?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/are-food-intolerance-tests-accurate/): Before answering the question "are food intolerance tests accurate?", one must first consider where does the widespread interest in such tests stem from.
- [Organic vs. Non-Organic Food: Is There a Difference?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/organic-vs-non-organic-food-is-there-a-difference/): In 2018, the global consumer spending on organic foods was estimated at around €80 billion ($95 billion USD). While consumer demand may exist for myriad reasons, within the wider discourse about nutrition and health it is common to hear claims about the superiority of organic food over non-organic food, including (but not limited to):
- [Fatty Liver: The Relationship Between Diet & NAFLD](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/fatty-liver-the-relationship-between-diet-nafld/): Fatty liver is characterised by the retention of triglycerides in liver cells (hepatocytes). Within hepatocytes, triglycerides are stored in the cytosol, in lipid droplets. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is diagnosed when:
- [Women’s Nutrition Considerations Over the Life-course](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/womens-nutrition-considerations-over-the-life-course/): In this Sigma Statement, we intend to provide a lifespan overview of nutritional considerations for females. It is not intended that every single condition affecting females will be covered, as the scope would be too broad. Rather, we intend to cover the most prevalent conditions, for example iron-deficiency anaemia, and PCOS, together with nutrition considerations for the peri-menopausal lifestage. It also includes discussion of certain relevant sex-dimorphic factors, namely that of adipose tissue distribution.
- [The “Calories In, Calories Out” Confusion: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Energy Balance](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/the-calories-in-calories-out-confusion-a-comprehensive-guide-to-understanding-energy-balance/): Unfortunately nutrition is a subject that gives rise to many emotive debates.
- [Impact of Dairy on Disease Risk & Health](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/impact-of-dairy-on-disease-risk-health/): Recent years have seen an exponential increase in interest in exclusionary diets for ethical, moral, and/or environmental considerations. The dairy industry has come under particular scrutiny for both environmental reasons, and ethical/moral concerns related to industrialised or intensive farming practices.
- [Nutrition & Immune Function](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/nutrition-immune-function/): Important: This article makes no claims about eating to prevent COVID-19 or to improve resistance to SARS-CoV-2. This article is for educational purposes to clarify the relationship between nutrition and immune function, so that the reader can more easily identify pseudoscientific claims that are circulating on this topic
- [Is Red Meat Good or Bad for Health?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/is-red-meat-good-or-bad-for-health/): Red meats are distinguished as ‘unprocessed’ or ‘processed’. The distinction between unprocessed and processed meats is an important aspect of evaluating the evidence related to health outcomes. Unprocessed meats includes mammalian muscle meats, from beef, lamb, mutton, veal, pork, goat, or game meats (venison, duck, etc.). Processed meats are defined by preservation or flavour-enhancing methods, including salting, curing, smoking, and industrial processing.
- [How Sleep & Nutrition Interact](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/how-sleep-nutrition-interact/): The relationship between nutrition and sleep may be considered in terms of a two-way interaction:
- [Probiotics: Common Indications and Current Evidence](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/probiotics-common-indications-and-current-evidence/): Probiotics can been defined as:
- [How Diet Influences Heart Disease Risk](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/how-diet-influences-heart-disease-risk/): This Sigma Statement draws together the evidence from the previous two statements in the Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Series (see part one and part two). It is not intended to revisit the salient elements of those respective Statements in detail, so for the purposes of this statement we will be proceeding with a number of premises from the conclusions of the two preceding parts of the series, namely:
- [The Impact of Diet on Blood Lipids](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/the-impact-of-diet-on-blood-lipids/): This is the second Sigma Statement in our 'Diet and Cardiovascular Disease' series. If you have not read the previous statement, it is recommended that you do so, at it sets the stage for why blood lipids are discussed in this statement. You can read that previous statement here: Cholesterol, Lipoproteins & Lipids: Understanding CVD Risk
- [Cholesterol, Lipoproteins & Lipids: Understanding CVD Risk](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/cholesterol-lipoproteins-lipids-understanding-cvd-risk/): At the bottom of this page there is a list of all the acronyms used in this statement.
- [What Are Sigma Statements?](https://sigmanutrition.com/statement/what-are-sigma-statements/): I'm delighted to announce a new resource that we are making available to you: the Sigma Statements!